Book 1

Philo of Alexandria’s Questions on Genesis #

Translated from the Armenian by Ralph Marcus


Book 1 #

Chapter 1 #

(Gen ii.4) Why, when he (Moses) considers and reflects on the creation of the world, does he say, “This is the book of the coming into being of heaven and earth when they came into being”?
The expression, “when they came into being,” which is undetermined and uncircumscribed, apparently indicates time. And this evidence confutes those who consider it to be a certain number of years summed under one head, during which the cosmos was to come into being. But the expression, “this is the book of coming into being” is meant to indicate a supposed book which contains the creation of the world and an intimation of the truth about the creation of the world.

Chapter 2 #

(Gen ii.5) What is the meaning of the words, “And God made very green thing of the field before it came into being on the earth, and every grass before it grew”?
In these words he alludes to the incorporeal ideas. For the expression, “before it came into being” points to the perfection of every green thing and grass, of plants and trees. And as Scripture says that before they grew on the earth He made plants and grass and the other things, it is evident that He made incorporeal and intelligible ideas in accordance with the intelligible nature which these sense-perceptible things on earth were meant to imitate.

Chapter 3 #

(Gen ii.6) What is the meaning of the words, “a spring went up from the earth and watered all the face of the earth”?
How is it possible to water all the earth from one spring? Not only because of its size but also because of the unevenness of the mountains and plains. Unless indeed as all the cavalry force of the king is called “the horse,” so also “spring” means all the veins of the earth producing potable water, which come like that from a spring. But well does Scripture also say, not “all the earth,” but “its face” was watered. Just as in a living being the head is the ruling part, so the good and fertile and principal part of the earth is that which can become fruit bearing, and this is in need of the help given by springs.

Chapter 4 #

(Gen ii.7) Who is the “moulded” man? And how does he differ from him who is (made) “in accordance with the image (of God)”?
The molded man is the sense-perceptible man and a likeness of the intelligible type. But the man made in accordance with (God’s) form is intelligible and incorporeal and a likeness of the archetype, so far as this is visible. And he is a copy of the original seal. And this is the Logos of God, the first principle, the archetypal idea, the pre-measurer of all things. For this reason the man who was molded as by a potter was formed out of dust and earth, in respect of the body. And he obtained a spirit when God breathed life into his face. And the mixture of his nature was a mixture of the corruptible and incorruptible. For that which is in accordance with form is incorruptible, coming from an invisible nature, from that which is simple and pure.

Chapter 5 #

(Gen ii.7) Why is He said to have breathed life into his face?
First of all, because the face is the principal part of the body. For the rest (of the body) was made like a pedestal, while the face, like a bust, is firmly placed above it. And sense-perception is the principal part of the animal species, and sense-perception is in the face. In the second place, man is admitted to be part not only of the animal order but also of that of rational animals, and the head is the temple of the mind, as some have said.

Chapter 6 #

(Gen ii.8) Why is God said to have “planted Paradise” and for whom? And what is paradise?
Դրախտն առ ճարեալդ ոչինչ են պէտք լուծման առեղծանելոյ. քանզի թաւ վայր է ամենապատիկ ծառովք լի։ Բայց նշանակաւ է իմաստութիւն՝ հանճար աստուածային եւ մարդկային, եւ սոցայցն պատճառաց։ Քանզի կարգաւո՛ր էր յետ աշխարհիս լինելութեան՝ զտեսական կենցաղն բաղկացուցանել, առ ի հասանել տեսլեամբ աշխարհիս, եւ որ ի սմայն է՝ եւ ի գովութիւն հօրն։ Քանզի ո՛չ գոյր զբնութեանն տեսանել. եւ ո՛չ գովել զարարիչն բոլորեցունց առանց իմաստութեան. որոյ զտեսակսն իբրեւ զծառս տնկեաց յիշխանական առաջնորդին ի բանականի յոգւոջն արարիչն։ Իսկ որ ի միջոցին կենաց փայտն է, գիտութիւն է, ո՛չ միայն ի վերայ եղելոցն, այլեւ երիցագունին եւ վերնագունին ամենեցուն պատճառին։ Քանզի զսորա եթէ ոք կարասցէ ընդունել զստոյգ զերեւումն, եղիցի բարեբախտիկ եւ երջանիկ, եւ արդարեւ անմահ։ Իսկ յետ աշխարհիս այսորիկ իմաստութիւնն եղեւ. վասն զի յետ աշխարհարարութեան դրախտն։ Զոր օրինակ, քերթողքն ասեն զերաժշտացն պար, զի օրհնեսցեն զարարիչն, եւ գործն. որպէս ասացն պղատոն, զարարիչն՝ իբրու զմեծ եւ զլաւ պատճառացն. իսկ զաշխարհ իբրու զգեղեցիկ եղելոցն։
Of Paradise, so far as the literal meaning is concerned, there is no need to give an explicit interpretation. For it is a dense place full of all kinds of trees. Symbolically, however, it is wisdom or knowledge of the divine and human and of their causes. For it was fitting, after the coming into being of the world, to establish the contemplative life in order that through a vision of the world and the things in it praise of the Father might also be attained. For it is not possible for nature to see nor is it possible without wisdom to praise the creator of all things. And His ideas the Creator planted like trees in the most sovereign thing, the rational soul. But as for the tree of life in the midst (of the garden) it is the knowledge, not only of things on the earth, but also of the eldest and highest cause of all things. For if anyone is able to obtain a clear impression of this, he will be fortunate and blessed and truly immortal. But after the world wisdom came into being, since after the creation of the world Paradise was made in the same manner as the poets say of the chorus of Muses (was formed), in order to praise the Creator and His work. For just as Plato said, the Creator is the greatest and best of causes, while the world is the most beautiful of created things.

Chapter 7 #

(Gen ii.8) Why is He said to have planted Paradise in Eden toward the East?
In the first place, because the movement of the world is from East to West; and that from which movement starts is first. Second, that which is in the region of the East is said to be the right side of the world, while that in the region of the West is the left. And so the poet testifies, calling the birds in the region of the East “right”, and those which are in the region of the West “on the left side”. If they go to the right side, it is to the day and the sun; but if to the left, toward evening and darkness. But the same Eden when translated is certainly a symbol of delicacies, joy and mirth. For all good things and benefits have their origin in this sacred place. In the third place, because it is wisdom and radiance and light.

Chapter 8 #

(Gen ii.8) Why does He place the molded man in Paradise, but not the man who was made in His image?
Some, believing Paradise to be a garden, have said that since the molded man is sense-perceptible, he therefore rightly goes to a sense-perceptible place. But the man made in His image is intelligible and invisible, and is in the class of incorporeal species. But I would say that Paradise should be thought a symbol of wisdom. For the earth-formed man is a mixture, and consists of soul and body, and is in need of teaching and instruction, desiring, in accordance with the laws of philosophy, that he may be happy. But he who was made in His image is in need of nothing, but is self-hearing and self-taught and self-instructed by nature.

Chapter 9 #

(Gen ii.9) Why does (Scripture) say that in Paradise was every tree beautiful to look at and good to eat?
Because there are two virtues of trees, to be many-branched and fruitful, of which one is for the pleasure of sight, and the other for the enjoyment of taste. But not ineptly is the word “beautiful” used, for it would be natural that plants should be ever flourishing and ever green, as belonging to the divine Paradise, without suffering the extremity of being leafless. But it did not say that the fruit also was “beautiful” but “good,” and this is philosophically said, for men use food not only for pleasure but also for utility, and utility is the outflowing and the distillation of the good.

Chapter 10 #

(Gen ii.9) What is the “tree of life” and why is it in the midst of Paradise?
Ոմանք հաւատացին, իբրու թէ տունկք են մարմնաւորք, եւ մահաբերք. այսպէս եւ կենաց եւ անմահութեան։ Վասն զի ասեն՝ թէ կեանք եւ մահ ընդդէմ միմեանց են. եւ եղիցի ի հարկէ փրկութիւնն։ Բայց այս թէ ո՛ղջ է, ոչ գիտեն. քանզի լինելութիւն, որպէս իմաստնոցն բան, ապականութեան սկիզբն է։ Արդ մի՛ գուցէ արդեօք այլաբանեալ է այս։ Քանզի ոմանք ասեն՝ եթէ կենաց փայտ է երկիր. քանզի զամենայն ինչ առ ի կեանս բուսուցանէ՝ եւ մարդկան, եւ այլոցն ամենեցուն։ Վասն որոյ եւ զմիջին վայրն որոշեաց տնկոյս այսմիկ. եւ միջոց ամենայնի երկիր է։ Եւ ոմանք թէ եօթն շրջանակացս, որ են յերկնի, զմիջոցն ասեն ասացեալ կենաց փայտ։ Եւ ոմանք զարեգակն, վասն զի միջին է ըստ իրաց իմն մոլորակացն, եւ ժամանակացն պատճառ, ի ձեռն որոյ ամենայն ինչ ծնանի։ Եւ ոմանք կենաց փայտ՝ զառաջնորդութիւն հոգւոյն ասացին. քանզի սա՛ ջլացուցանէ եւ պնդէ զզգայութիւնն առ անկն իւր ածելով ներգործութիւնս, եւ ի հասարակութիւն մարմնոյն մասանց։ Իսկ միջոցն՝ ըստ նշանակի իմն՝ առաջին է, եւ սկիզբն. որպէս առաջնորդ պարու։ Բայց քաջքն եւ լաւքն՝ կենաց փայտ ասեն ի մարդ զլաւագոյն առաքինութեանցն զբարեպաշտութիւն. ի ձեռն որոյ միայն մանաւանդ միտքն անմահանան։
Some believe that as plants are corporeal and subject to death, so also some have life and immortality. Wherefore they say that life and death are opposed to each other. And some plants are destructive, and it is necessary to be saved (from their effects). But that this state is healthful they do not know. For generation, as the arguments of philosophers go, is the beginning of corruption. And may it not be that this (i.e., the above) is said allegorically? For some say that the tree of life is the earth, for it causes all things to grow for the life of both man and all other things. Wherefore He apportioned a central place to this plant; and the center of all is the earth. And some say that the tree of life is a name for the seven circles which are in heaven. And some say it is the sun because it is, in a sense, in the midst of the planets and is the cause of the seasons, by which all things are produced. And some have said that the tree of life is the government of the soul. For the soul innervates and strengthens sense-perception by directing its energies to what is suitable for it, with the participation of the parts of the body. And the center, in one meaning, is the chief and head, as is the leader of a chorus. But worthy and excellent men say that the tree of life is the best of the virtues in. man, namely piety, through which pre-eminently the mind becomes immortal.

Chapter 11 #

(Gen ii.9) What is “the tree of knowing the science of good and evil”?
This very clear statement, which in literal meaning is elusive, it presents to us as an allegory. For, as he intimates, it is prudence, and this is the science of knowing, through which good and beautiful things and bad and ugly things are distinguished; and (the science of knowing) all things which are contrary to each other, of which the one is of superior order, and the other of an inferior order. Now the wisdom which is in this world is not God but is truly the work of God; it sees nature and studies it. But this wisdom which is in man sees with dim eyes, confusing one thing with another, for it is weak in seeing and understanding purely, simply, clearly, each thing by itself alone. Wherefore with man’s wisdom a kind of deception is mixed, in the same manner as to the eyes certain shadows are often an impediment to catching sight of unmixed and pure light. For what the eye is to the body, mind and wisdom are to the soul.

Chapter 12 #

(Gen ii.10) What is the river that went out from Eden, by which Paradise is watered; and four rivers separated, the Pishon, Gihon, Tigris and Euphrates?
Ասին Դկղաթայ եւ Արածանւոյ աղբիւրքն բղխել ի հայոց լերանցն. եւ անդ դրախտ ոչ է, այլ եւ ո՛չ երկուք եւս այլ աղբիւրք գետոյն։ Արդ՝ մի՛ գուցէ թէ դրախտն հեռի ուրեք ի մերմէ բնակութենէ աշխարհիս է. եւ գետ ունի հոսելով ընդ երկրաւ, որ բազումս եւ մեծամեծս ոռոգանէ երակս։ Զի նոքա յառնելով առաքեսցեն յայլ ընդունիչ երակս ընդարձակ լինելով. եւ սոքա յորձանօք ալեացն ճնշեալք, այն՝ որ ի ներքս ի նոսա բռնութիւնն է, ի վերկոյս բերանացանէ, է՛ որ ի հայոց լերինսն, եւ է՛ որ յայլում։ Եւ սոքա են կարծեցեալ աղբիւրքն, գետոցն հոսմունք՝ առաւել, կամ աղբերք յիրաւի կարծեցեալք՝ վասն յամենայնին անսուտ գոլ աստուածային գրոց, յորս զեկուցեալ լինին չորից գետոցն իրք. զի սկիզբն է գետ, այլ ոչ աղբիւր։ Արդ մի՛ գուցէ թէ առ տեղօքն իրք այլաբանեալ լինին։ Եւ են չորք գետքն նշանակ չորից առաքինութեանց։ Խոհականութեանն՝ Փիսովն ասացեալ ըստ խնայութեան։ Եւ առողջութեանն Գեհոն. քանզի առ ի կերակուրս աշխատի, եւ ըմպելիս. եւ զայն որ ինչ միանգամ որովայնի է, եւ որք ընդ որովայնիւ հեշտ ցանկութիւնքն՝ գործէ. եւ է սա երկրային։ Եւ արիութեան Դգղաթ. քանզի զվայրենացեալ ի մեզ զախտն՝ զսրտմտութիւնն վարէ։ Եւ արդարութեանն Արածանի. քանզի ոչ յիրիք վերայ խնդայ եւ ուրախ լինի առաւել մարդոյ խորհուրդք, քան յարդարութեան։
For the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates are said to rise in the Armenian mountains. And in that place there is no Paradise, nor are there the two other sources of the river. Unless perhaps Paradise is in some distant place far from our inhabited world, and has a river flowing under the earth, which waters many great veins so that these rising send (water) to other recipient veins, and so become diffused. And as these are forced by the rush of water, the force which is in them makes its way out to the surface, both in the Armenian mountains and elsewhere. And these are the supposed sources, or rather the outflowings of the river; but properly the supposed sources, since divine Scripture, in which the matter of the four rivers is mentioned, is wholly veracious. For the origin is a river and not a source (according to Scripture). Unless perhaps in this passage matters are allegorized, and the four rivers are a symbol of four virtues: of prudence, called Pishon in respect of frugality; of moderation, called Gihon because it labors with regard to food and drink, and produces the various pleasures of the belly and those parts which are below the belly, and this is earthly; of courage, called Tigris, for this checks the affection of anger which rages in us; of justice, called Euphrates, for in nothing do the thoughts of man rejoice and have gladness more than in justice.

Chapter 13 #

(Gen ii.14) Why does (Scripture) omit to give the location of the Euphrates alone, while it says that the Pishon goes round all the land of Havilah, and the Gihon goes round all the land of Cush, and the Tigris flows of opposite Assyria?
Դգղաթ՝ անալոցագոյն, եւ վնասակարագոյն ի գետոց է. որպէս բաբելովնացիք վկայեն, եւ մոգք. որոց ստուգեալ են՝ որպէս այլ ինչ եւ ջրոյ բնութիւն։ Բայց դէպ է եւ այլ եւս ինչ իմն ունել նմա հրաժարական պատճառս։ Իսկ Արածանի՝ ալոցագոյն, եւ կենդանարարագոյն, եւ աճեցուցանօղ. վասն որոյ եւ աճեցուանել եւ զարգացուցանել նմա նմա եբրայեցւոցն եւ ասորեստնեայցն իմաստունքն կոչեն։ Վասն այսորիկ ոչ յայլմէ ումեքէ, որպէս եւ երեքն, այլ սա՛ յինքենէ իսկ ճանաչի։ Ինձ թուի թէ նշանակաբար, եւ առակապէս. վասն զի խոհականութիւնն է առաքինութիւն բանականին, յորում չարութիւն է. եւ արիութիւն՝ սրտմտականին, եւ առողջամտութիւն՝ ցանկացողին։ Իսկ սրտմտութիւն եւ ցանկութիւն՝ գազանայինքն են։ Զերիս գետսն ընդ տեղիսն՝ ընդ որս գնան, այնու զեկոյց. իսկ զԱրածանի, վասն զի նշանակ է արդարութեան, ոչ եւս։ Վասն զի մասն ինչ ոչ որոշեալ տուեալ է ոգւոյ, այլ՝ ամենայն իրօք ստացեալ լինի միաբանութիւն իմն եւ յարմարումն երից ոգւոցն մասանցն, եւ հանգիտաթուոցն առաքինութեանցն։
The Tigris is the wildest and most destructive of rivers, as the Babylonians and the Magians testify, who have determined that its nature is somewhat different from (that of) water. However it is likely that (Scripture) has still another reason for keeping silence. For the Euphrates is very gentle and life-giving and nourishing, wherefore the wise men of the Hebrews and Assyrians call it “augmenting” or “prospering.” For this reason it is known, not from anything else, like the three (other rivers) but by itself. To me it seems that the matter is symbolical and figurative. Since prudence is a faculty of the rational element, in which evil is found, and courage is a faculty of the irascible element, and moderation is a faculty of the concupiscent element, but anger and concupiscence are bestial. Thus (Scripture) refers to the three rivers by the regions through which they flow but the Euphrates, which is a symbol of justice, is not similarly referred to, since not merely some part of it is assigned to the soul, but it is acquired all at once and becomes a partnership and harmony of the three parts of the soul and of the same number of virtues.

Chapter 14 #

(Gen ii.15) Why does (God) place the man in Paradise for two things, to work and guard it, when Paradise was not in need of work, for it was complete in all things as having been planted by God, and was not in need of a guardian, for who was there to be harmed?
These are the two things which a cultivator should keep in mind and achieve, cultivation of the field and guarding of the things in it, for it may be ruined either by idleness or by invasion. But although Paradise was not in need of either of these things, nevertheless it was necessary that he who received the supervision and care of it, (that is) the first man, should be, as it were, a law to husbandsmen in all things which it is fitting to labor in. Moreover, it was proper that it was full of all things. He should leave to the cultivator the superintendence and the work of caring for it; such as watering it, tending it, nurturing it, spading it, digging trenches, and irrigating it with water. And although there was no other man, it was necessary to guard it at least against wild animals, and especially against air and water, for when there is a drought, one must water it abundantly, but when there are rainstorms, one must stop the overflow by making another channel.

Chapter 15 #

(Gen ii.16) Why does (God) say, when He commands (Adam) to eat of every tree which is in paradise, “Eat” in the singular number; but, when He forbids eating of the tree which gives knowledge of good and evil, says, in the plural number, “Do not eat, for on the day when ye shall eat, ye shall die”?
First, because though it extends over many things, the good is one, and not less for this reason, namely that He who gave the benefit is one, as is also the one who received the benefit. This “one” I speak of, not with reference to the number which precedes the number two, but with reference to the unitary power, in accordance with which many things are harmonized and agree and by their concord imitate the one, such as a flock, a herd, a drove, a chorus, an army, a nation, a tribe, a household, a city. For all these, extending over many, are one community and embrace lovingly; but when they are unmixed and have nothing in common, they fall into duality and into a multitude and are divided. For duality is the beginning of division. But two who use the same philosophy as one enjoy an unadulterated and clear virtue which is free of evil. But when good and evil are mixed, they have as their beginning a mixture of death.

Chapter 16 #

(Gen ii.17) What is the meaning of the words, “Ye shall die by the death”?
The death of worthy men is the beginning of another life. For life is twofold; one is with corruptible body; the other is without body (and) incorruptible. So that the evil man dies by death even when he breathes, before he is buried, as though he preserved for himself no spark at all of the true life, and this is excellence of character. The decent and worthy man, however, does not die by death, but after living long, passes away to eternity, that is, he is borne to eternal life.

Chapter 17 #

(Gen ii.18) Why does (Scripture) say, “It is not good for man to be alone. Let us make for him a helpmeet like him”?
By these words it refers to partnership, and that not with all persons but with those who wish to help and bring mutual profit even though they may not be able (to do so). For love is a strengthener of character not more by usefulness than by union and concord, so that to everyone of those who come together in the partnership of love the saying of Pythagoras can be applied, that “a lover is indeed another self”.

Chapter 18 #

(Gen ii.19) Why, after first saying, “Let us make a helper for man,” does (God) create wild animals and cattle?
Intemperate and gluttonous people would say that wild animals and fowl, being necessary food, are a help to man. For the eating of meat cooperates with the stomach toward (attaining) health and bodily strength. But I believe that now, because evil is found in him, man has enemies and adversaries in terrestrial animals and fowl. But to the first man, who was altogether adorned with virtue, they were rather like military forces and allies, and a close friend naturally becomes tractable (?). And with this man alone they become familiar, as was fitting for servants with a master.

Chapter 19 #

(Gen ii.19) Why are beasts and birds now again created, when their creation was announced earlier in the six-day (creation story)?
Perhaps those things which (were created) in the six days were incorporeal and were symbolically typical species of beasts and birds. But now were produced in actuality their likenesses, sensible (likenesses) of invisible things.

Chapter 20 #

(Gen ii.19) Why does (God) bring all the animals to the man that he may give names to them?
Զմեծ վարանս այնոցիկ՝ որք յիմաստասիրութեանն, մեկնեաց՝ ազդելով. զի դնելով անուանքդ, այլ ո՛չ բնութեամբ են։ Վասն զի դէպ ուղիղ իւրաքանչիւր ումեք բնաւորապէս յարմարեալ կոչի՝ հանդիպողութեամբ առն իմաստնոյ, եւ որ գիտութեամբ առաւելեալ է. եւ ընտանեգոյն՝ միտք իմաստնոյն միայն, այլ եւ առաջին երկրածնին՝ անուանցն դիր։ Քանզի պարտ էր իշխանին մարդկայնոց եւ թագաւորի երկրածնացն ամենեցուն՝ եւ այսմ հասանել մեծի պատուոյ։ Զի իբրեւ յառաջ իսկ ետես զկենդանիսն, եւ նախ առաջին ինքն եղեւ արժանի ի վերայ ամենայնի իշխան կալ, եւ առաջին պատմիչ, եւ գտակ լիցի անուանադրութեանցն։ Քանզի վայրապար է եւ յիմար՝ անանուն բառնալ թողուլ զնոսա, եւ կամ յայլմէ իմեքէ ի մանկագունէ առնուլ անուն՝ յանարգանս եւ ի քակտումն երիցագունին պատուի եւ փառաց։ Բայց զայն առ այսու կարծել պարտ է, զի այսպէս լինէր դիւրակշիռ դիր անուանցն, մինչ զի անդէն միանգամայն առ դնելն զանունն՝ եւ կենդանւոյն լսել, բախեալ իբրեւ յիւրմէ ընտանւոյ եւ յազգակցէ՝ յասացելոյ անուանն երեւմանէ։
Scripture has cleared up the great perplexity of those who are lovers of wisdom by showing that names exist by being given and not by nature, since each is an apt and naturally suitable name through the skillful calculation of a wise man who is pre-eminent in knowledge. And very proper to the mind of the wise man alone, or rather to the first of earthborn creatures, is the giving of names. For it was fitting that the lord of mankind and the king of all earthborn creatures should obtain this great honor also. For as he was the first thing to see living creatures, so he was the first to be worthy of being lord over all and the first introducer and author of the giving of names. For it would have been vain and foolish to leave them without names or to accept names from some other younger man to the disgrace and degradation of the honor and glory of the older man. We must, however, also suppose that the giving of names was so exact that as soon as he gave the name and the animal heard it, it was affected as if by the phenomenon of a familiar and related name being spoken.

Chapter 21 #

(Gen ii.19) Why does (Scripture) say, “He led the animals to man to see what he would call them,” when God is not in doubt? (Gen ii.19)
Truly it is alien to the divine power to be in doubt. But it appears that He was not in doubt, since He gave mind to man, especially the first earthborn noble man, in accordance with which he became wise and could naturally reason like a leader and ruler and know how to move and make himself known. And he saw the good origin of his spirit. Moreover, through this he also typifies all that is voluntary in us, thus confounding those who say that all things exist by necessity. Or perhaps because mankind was destined to use them, for that reason He granted to man the giving of their names.

Chapter 22 #

(Gen ii.19) What is the meaning of the words, “Whatever he called a living soul, that was its name”?
It is necessary to believe that he gave names not only to animals but also to plants and to all other things without life, beginning with the highest genus: and the animal is the highest thing. Scripture contents itself with the best part, not completely illustrating the naming of all things for stupid men. Wherefore the naming of inanimate things, which could not change their places or make use of the affections of the soul, was easy. It was more difficult in the case of animals because of the movements of the body and the various manifestations of the impulses of the soul through the senses and passions from which energies arise. Thus the mind was able to give names to the more difficult and more troublesome genera of animals. Wherefrom it follows that he named (other things) as if they were easy and near at hand.
(Շարայարելի)
to be continued